Insulin is a hormone secreted from pancreatic β- cells to utilize glucose (the smaller unit of edible carbohydrate) and provides energy to every body cells for perform cellular functioning. Diabetes is a condition in which blood glucose level is significantly higher (hyperglycemia) than the normal range. Impaired functioning of insulin is primarily responsible for this disease development. Chronic and progressive diabetic condition impairs overall
physiological condition by damaging blood vessels, heart, kidney, nerves and eyes. The involved pathophysiology of diabetes mainly develops either due to impaired pancreatic β- cells functioning leads to insufficient insulin synthesis or body unable to utilize produced insulin properly. According to WHO estimation, globally four hundred twenty two million adults have diabetes in 2014. This value is almost four
times greater than the estimated diabetes incidence in 1980.2 Type1 and type 2 and gestational diabetes
are three broad categorization of diabetes. Among these three types, gestational diabetes is not a prolonged condition, as it develops during pregnancy and after child birth, blood glucose level become normalized. However, sometimes gestational diabetes an indication of type 2 diabetes, which may develop in future. Type 1 diabetes is an auto-immune disorder, in which body’s own immune system destroys pancreatic β- cells and
insulin synthesis is reduced. Type 1 diabetes is a inherited condition and can occur at any age.1 The exact etiology of type 1 diabetes is unknown.3 Type 2 diabetes usually develops in middle aged people and is the most common form. The hyperglycemic condition in type 2 diabetes can develop either due to insufficient insulin synthesis, or body unable to utilize insulin properly. Both insulin insufficiency and insulin resistance along with hyperglycemia are characteristic features of type 2 diabetes.4